Formula Reference
29 formulas across 6 units of physics
Speed and Velocity
v = speed (m/s), Δd = displacement (m), Δt = time (s)
Acceleration
a = acceleration (m/s²), Δv = change in velocity (m/s), Δt = time interval (s)
Newton's Second Law
F = net force (N), m = mass (kg), a = acceleration (m/s²)
Work & Kinetic Energy
KE = kinetic energy (J), m = mass (kg), v = speed (m/s), W = work (J), F = force (N), d = displacement (m), θ = angle
Momentum & Impulse
p = momentum (kg·m/s), m = mass (kg), v = velocity (m/s), J = impulse (N·s), F = force (N), Δt = time (s)
Projectile Motion
x = horizontal displacement (m), y = vertical displacement (m), v₀ = initial speed (m/s), θ = launch angle, g = 9.8 m/s², t = time (s)
Circular Motion
aₒ = centripetal acceleration (m/s²), v = speed (m/s), r = radius (m), F = centripetal force (N), m = mass (kg)
Universal Gravitation
F = gravitational force (N), G = 6.67×10⁻¹¹ N·m²/kg², m₁, m₂ = masses (kg), r = distance between centres (m)
Simple Harmonic Motion
T = period (s), m = mass (kg), k = spring constant (N/m), L = pendulum length (m), g = 9.8 m/s²
Wave Properties
T = period (s), f = frequency (Hz)
Wave Speed
v = wave speed (m/s), f = frequency (Hz), λ = wavelength (m)
Wave Interference
Δd = path difference (m), n = 0,1,2…, λ = wavelength (m). First: constructive; second: destructive.
Sound Waves
v = speed of sound (m/s), T = temperature (°C), β = sound level (dB), I = intensity (W/m²), I₀ = 10⁻¹² W/m²
Standing Waves & Resonance
fₙ = nth harmonic (Hz), v = wave speed (m/s), L = string/pipe length (m), n = harmonic number
The Doppler Effect
f' = observed frequency, f = source frequency, v = wave speed, v_o = observer speed, v_s = source speed (+ when approaching)
Temperature & Heat
Q = heat energy (J), m = mass (kg), c = specific heat capacity (J/kg·K), ΔT = temperature change (K)
Thermal Expansion
ΔL = change in length (m), α = linear expansion coefficient (1/K), L₀ = original length (m), ΔT = temperature change (K)
The Ideal Gas Law
P = pressure (Pa), V = volume (m³), n = amount (mol), R = 8.314 J/(mol·K), T = temperature (K)
Heat Transfer
Q/t = rate of heat flow (W), k = thermal conductivity (W/m·K), A = area (m²), ΔT = temperature difference (K), L = thickness (m)
Electric Charge & Coulomb's Law
F = electrostatic force (N), k = 8.99×10⁹ N·m²/C², q₁, q₂ = charges (C), r = separation (m)
Electric Current & Ohm's Law
V = voltage (V), I = current (A), R = resistance (Ω), P = power (W)
Series & Parallel Circuits
Rₛ = series total (Ω), R_p = parallel total (Ω). Series: same current, voltages add. Parallel: same voltage, currents add.
Magnetic Fields & Forces
F = magnetic force (N), q = charge (C), v = velocity (m/s), B = magnetic field (T), I = current (A), L = wire length (m), θ = angle
Electromagnetic Induction
ε = induced EMF (V), N = number of turns, ΔΦ = change in magnetic flux (Wb), Δt = time interval (s). Minus sign = Lenz's law.
Reflection & Refraction
n₁, n₂ = refractive indices, θ₁, θ₂ = angles of incidence/refraction, θᵢ = angle of incidence, θᵣ = angle of reflection (from normal)
Lenses & Image Formation
f = focal length (m), dₒ = object distance (m), dᵢ = image distance (m), M = magnification. Positive f = converging; negative = diverging.
The Atomic Model
E = photon energy (J or eV), h = 6.63×10⁻³⁴ J·s (Planck's constant), f = frequency (Hz). ΔE = energy gap between atomic levels.
Radioactive Decay & Half-Life
N = remaining nuclei, N₀ = initial number, t = elapsed time, t₁/₂ = half-life. Activity A = λN, λ = ln 2 / t₁/₂.
The Photoelectric Effect
KE_max = max kinetic energy of ejected electron (J or eV), h = 6.63×10⁻³⁴ J·s, f = frequency (Hz), φ = work function (J or eV).